Nature, 11 December 2025, Volume 648 Issue 8093
《天然》2025年12月11日,第648卷,8093期
物理Physics
Observation of deuteron and antideuteron formation from resonance-decay nucleons
共振衰变核子形成氘核及反氘核的不雅察
▲ 作者:The ALICE Collaboration
▲链接:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09775-5
▲ 择要:ALICE互助组陈诉称,质子—质子(pp)碰撞中的氘核-π介子动量联系关系提供了不依靠模子的证据,注解不雅测到的(反)氘核中约有90%孕育发生在短命命共振态(如Δ(1232))衰变后的核反映中。
这些于年夜型强子对于撞机得到的研究成果,弥补了对于超相对于论性强子碰撞中核合成理解的空缺。除了了展现(反)原子核于强子碰撞中的形成机制外,此研究成果还有可用在模仿宇宙射线及暗物资衰变中轻核与重核的孕育发生历程。
▲ Abstract:Here, the ALICE Collaboration reports that deuteron–pion momentum correlations in proton–proton (pp) collisions provide model-independent evidence that about 90% of the observed (anti)deuterons are produced in nuclear reactions following the decay of short-lived resonances, such as the Δ(1232). These findings, obtained by the ALICE Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider, resolve a gap in our understanding of nucleosynthesis in ultrarelativistic hadronic collisions. Apart from offering insights on how (anti)nuclei are formed in hadronic collisions, the results can be used in the modelling of the production of light and heavy nuclei in cosmic rays and dark-matter decays.
人工智能Artificial Intelligence
Discovering state-of-the-art reinforcement learning algorithms
发明迄今开始进的强化进修算法
▲ 作者:Junhyuk Oh, Gregory Farquhar et al.
▲链接:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09761-x
▲择要:于此,研究者证实了呆板可以或许发明一种机能逾越人工设计法则的开始进的强化进修法则。这一成绩是经由过程元进修实现的,即从年夜量智能体于浩繁繁杂情况中的累积经验中进修。详细而言,研究者的要领发明了用在更新智能体计谋及猜测的强化进修法则。
于年夜范围试验中,这一法则于公认的Atari基准测试中逾越了所有现存法则,并于发明历程中不曾见过的、具备挑战性的基准测试中,其体现优在一系列开始进的强化进修算法。研究成果注解,实现进步前辈人工智能所需的强化进修算法,也许很快就能经由过程智能体的经验来主动发明,而无需依靠人工设计。
▲ Abstract:Here we show that it is possible for machines to discover a state-of-the-art RL rule that outperforms manually designed rules. This was achieved by meta-learning from the cumulative experiences of a population of agents across a large number of complex environments. Specifically, our method discovers the RL rule by which the agent’s policy and predictions are updated. In our large-scale experiments, the discovered rule surpassed all existing rules on the well-established Atari benchmark and outperformed a number of state-of-the-art RL algorithms on challenging benchmarks that it had not seen during discovery. Our findings suggest that the RL algorithms required for advanced artificial intelligence may soon be automatically discovered from the experiences of agents, rather than manually designed.
化学Chemistry
Quantifying grain boundary deformation mechanisms in small-grained metals
量化小晶粒金属中的晶界变形机制
▲ 作者:Romain Gautier, Frédéric Mompiou et al.
▲链接:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09800-7
▲择要:研究者的试验研究注解,于小晶粒多晶体中,晶界剪切举动不受晶界取向差的影响,且其变形效率始终维持于较低程度。这些发明撑持了一种全新的晶界观点:晶界不该被简朴视为具备固有“耦合因子”(近似在位错的伯格斯矢量)的晶体缺陷,而应被理解为包罗非凡缺陷(即“位错—台阶复合体”)的特定晶格布局,这些复合缺陷反过来主导着晶界至少于力学方面的机能。
研究成果还有证明,多晶体可以于无位错介入的环境下发生塑性变形,但变形效率较低,这为注释纳米晶金属于低暖和室温下延展性较差的征象提供了潜于的理论路径。
▲ Abstract:Here we show experimentally that, in small-grained polycrystals, this shear does not depend on the grain boundary misorientation and that its efficiency remains low. These findings support a new concept of grain boundaries that may not be considered as crystalline defects carrying an intrinsic ‘coupling factor’ (similarly to the Burgers vector of a dislocation) but rather as specific lattices containing peculiar defects, known as disconnections, that will, in turn, govern the properties, at least mechanical, of grain boundaries. They also confirm that polycrystals can plastically deform without dislocations but less effectively, providing a potential path to explain the poor ductility of nanocrystalline metals at low and room temperature.
Accelerating the discovery of multicatalytic cooperativity
加快发明多催化协同效应
▲ 作者:Marcus H. Sak, Richard Y. Liu, Eugene E. Kwan Eric N. Jacobsen
▲链接:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09813-2
▲择要:于此,研究者提出了一种受群体检测开导的池—反卷积算法,该算法能以较低试验成本辨认协同催化举动,同时统筹候选催化剂之间可能存于的按捺效应。该事情流程起首于模仿协同效应数据中获得验证,随后经由过程试验乐成辨认脱手性选择性氧杂环丁烷开环反映中有机催化剂之间已经报导的协同作用。
然后,研究者将该事情流程运用在钯催化的脱羰交织偶联反映的发明研究中,乐成鉴定出多种配体对于,这些配体对于可以或许于比单配体系统报导前提更低的催化剂负载量及温度下,高效促成方针转化反映。
▲ Abstract:Here we describe a pooling–deconvolution algorithm, inspired by group testing, which identifies cooperative catalyst behaviours with low experimental cost while acco妹妹oPA集团官网dating potential inhibitory effects between catalyst candidates. The workflow was validated first on simulated cooperativity data and then by experimentally identifying previously documented cooperativity between organocatalysts in an enantioselective oxetane-opening reaction. The workflow was then applied in a discovery context to a Pd-catalysed decarbonylative cross-coupling reaction, enabling the identification of several ligand pairs that promote the target transformation at substantially lower catalyst loading and temperature than previously reported with single-ligand systems.
生物学Biology
Viral NblA proteins negatively affect oceanic cyanobacterial photosynthesis
病毒NblA卵白对于海洋蓝藻光互助用孕育发生负面影响
▲ 作者:Omer Nadel, Rawad Hanna et al.
▲链接:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09656-x
▲ 择要:研究者使用近期开发的海洋噬藻体基因操作体系,展现了病毒编码的NblA卵白能显著加快噬藻体传染周期,指导宿主藻胆体和其他卵白降解,并降低宿主光互助用的光捕捉效率。宏基因组阐发注解,携带NblA基因的噬藻体于海洋中广泛漫衍,别离占海洋表层光层及深层光层中T7类噬藻体的35%及65%。
研究成果证明NblA卵白能为噬藻体带来显著保存上风,同时对于宿主光合机构和光合功效孕育发生负面作用。这些发明注解,噬藻体编码的NblA卵白对于海洋超微型蓝细菌的光捕捉能力具备全世界性的倒霉影响。
▲ Abstract:Here, using a recently developed genetic manipulation system for marine cyanophages, we reveal that viral NblA significantly accelerates the cyanophage infection cycle, directs degradation of the host phycobilisome and other proteins, and reduces host photosynthetic light-harvesting efficiency. Metagenomic analysis revealed that cyanophages carrying nblA are widespread in the oceans and comprise 35% and 65% of oceanic T7-like cyanophages in surface and deep photic zones, respectively. Our results show a large benefit of NblA to the cyanophage, while it exerts a negative effect on the host photosynthetic apparatus and host photosynthesis. These findings suggest that cyanophage NblA has an adverse global impact on light harvesting by oceanic picocyanobacteria.
Two residues reprogram i妹妹unity receptors for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis
两个残基重编程固氮共生的免疫受体
▲ 作者:Magdalini Tsitsikli, Bine Simonsen et al.
▲链接:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09696-3
▲ 择要:于此,研究者展示了Nod因子受体NFR1胞内区域的特定氨基酸残基可以或许调控旌旗灯号传导的特异性,从而区别免疫与共生反映。经由过程对于CERK六、NFR1和其受体变体的功效研究,研究者于激酶布局域的近膜区发明了一个守旧基元(定名为“共生决议因子1”),该基序是共生旌旗灯号传导的要害。
研究注解,共生决议因子1中的两个残基是NFR1型受体不成或者缺的标记性特性,仅凭这两个残基就足以革新Lotus CERK6及年夜麦RLK4激酶的功效输出,使其于百脉根中实现共生旌旗灯号传导。
▲ Abstract:Here we show that specific amino acid residues in the intracellular part of the Nod factor receptor NFR1 control signalling specificity and enable the distinction of i妹妹une and symbiotic responses. Functional investigation of CERK6, NFR1 and receptor variants thereof revealed a conserved motif that we term Symbiosis Determinant 1 in the juxtamembrane region of the kinase domain, which is key for symbiotic signalling. We show that two residues in Symbiosis Determinant 1 are indispensable hallmarks of NFR1-type receptors and are sufficient to convert Lotus CERK6 and barley RLK4 kinase outputs to enable symbiotic signalling in Lotus japonicus.
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